LED grayscale, often referred to as LED brightness, is essentially about how finely the intensity of each light-emitting diode can be adjusted. This concept is also known as half-toning and plays a crucial role in reproducing images with clarity. Grayscale levels typically range from 16, 32 to 64 levels, and these are achieved through matrix processing, which breaks down the image into these finer shades. Whether it's a monochrome, bicolor, or tricolor display, achieving clear visuals involves adjusting the luminance of each LED within a pixel. This adjustment precision is what we commonly call gradation.
There are two primary methods for controlling LED gradation: altering the current flow or employing pulse width modulation (PWM). One way is to vary the current passing through the LED. For instance, the typical continuous working current for an LED is around 20mA. Besides the saturation of red LEDs, the brightness of others is largely proportional to the current. Alternatively, PWM takes advantage of human eye persistence, manipulating the width of light pulses. By adjusting the duty cycle, the human eye perceives smoother transitions. Given PWM's compatibility with digital control systems, especially with the prevalence of microcomputers managing LED displays, most modern LED screens rely on PWM for gradation control.
The LED control system generally comprises three key components: the master control box, the scanning board, and the display control unit. The master control box receives pixel brightness data from the computer's display card, redistributing it to multiple scanning boards. Each scanning board manages several rows (or columns) on the LED screen, transmitting the display control signals serially for each row’s top LEDs.
Two approaches exist for serially transmitting these control signals. First, the scanning board controls each pixel's gradation individually. From the control box, it decodes the gray value of each pixel row (via PWM) and converts the LED turn-on signals into pulse forms, either 'lit' (1) or 'unlit' (0). These are then sent serially to the respective LEDs. Although this method uses fewer devices, it demands higher data transmission rates—16 pulses per pixel at 16-level grayscale, scaling up to 256 pulses at 256 levels. Due to device frequency limitations, this approach often restricts gradation to 16 levels.
The second method employs direct PWM. Here, the scanning board transmits an 8-bit binary gray value instead of individual LED switching signals. Each LED has its own PWM controller to manage lighting duration. This reduces the number of required pulses significantly—just four pulses for 16-level grayscale and eight for 256-level. Consequently, the serial transmission frequency drops dramatically, enabling easier implementation of 256-level gradation.
In summary, while both methods have their merits, PWM proves more efficient for higher-resolution gradations, especially with advancements in digital control systems.
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